Bachelors Degree and Partial Fulfillment free essay sample

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Computer Science, this thesis entitled Development of Online Management Record System for the Discipline Office in has been prepared and submitted by who are hereby recommended for oral examination. March, 2013 Adviser Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree in Bachelor of Science in Computer Science by the Committee of Oral Examiners. Chairman Member Member Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree in Bachelor of Science in Computer Science March, 2013 Dean This thesis will not be possible without the help and support of the following individuals who gave their guidance and assistance in the development of this study. From the , we express much gratitude to our dean, , our adviser who aided us with all the academic requirements and greatly inspired us as we passed all the obstacles throughout the completion of this work. We will write a custom essay sample on Bachelors Degree and Partial Fulfillment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Discipline Office especially for being compliant to our queries regarding the manual system they have and about their specifications for the new system. The people we most wish to thank are our families, for whom our education would not have been possible and who held faith in us and pushed us to achieve success in everything we do. This example of success is a great chance that we will stride for the victory of our lives. To our respective colleagues and to the members of the group, for the endless brainstorming from dusk till dawn and coming up with concepts that helped us with this research. Lastly, of all the hardships and challenges that we encountered, we are humbly thankful because the Lord Almighty showered us knowledge, courage, and passion to endure and succeed in the completion of this work. Abstract The purpose of this study is to improve the manual record management system of the Discipline Office in by transforming it as a web-based system. The research study focuses on simplifying the difficult and time-consuming task of managing, tracking, and handling student discipline records and helps improve discipline by ensuring that students are held accountable for their actions effectively. Advantages and disadvantages of both systems were identified by conducting this work. To gather the needed data, interview and survey methods were used and analyzed by means of descriptive approach. The results showed that the respondents agree that an online system is more preferable to have than the other, as it gives benefits to the university by enabling them to efficiently handle discipline-related tasks. As stated from literatures, these findings clearly emphasize the need for the conversion of the office’s manual system to ensure the reliability and validity of records.

How To Use Advanced Link-Building Tactics To Crush SEO [PODCAST]

How To Use Advanced Link-Building Tactics To Crush SEO [PODCAST] Everyone wants more traffic, particularly organic traffic. The way to get that is to boost your SEO strategy to rank better and to drive more people to your website. But what is this SEO game all about? How does Google decide who it loves and who it doesn’t? Is having industry influencers sending their own audience members to your site just a pipe dream? Today we’re talking to Joshua Hardwick, the founder of the SEO Project and a writer at Ahrefs. He’s going to talk to us about outreach-based SEO. If you’ve been wanting to get your site at the top of the Google results page (and who hasn’t?), you won’t want to miss today’s show. Some of the highlights include: A bit of information about The Seo Project and what is on the blog. What outreach-based link-building is and why it’s important to someone’s SEO strategy. Why the quality and usefulness of your content is still king, no matter what your SEO strategy is. The importance of knowing your audience: What do they want to read about? Joshua talks about a few hints and tips for getting more people to read your content. Why the skyscraper technique often works well. How to reach out to industry influencers in an effort to build a relationship. Some ways NOT to approach link-building with outreach. Tips on how to know whether your strategy is working: What metrics should you be looking for? The SEO Project Skyscraper Technique Joshua on Ahrefs BuzzSumoIf you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Joshua: â€Å"The first place to start is to have something worthwhile, something that people will actually link to.† â€Å"My number one piece of advice would be just to be as genuine as you possibly can.† â€Å"Even if youre creating great content, even if you’ve got everything else right, most people won’t rank for the terms that they want to rank for without getting at least some links.†

Summery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Summery - Essay Example Compared with the private sector, the public service will value intrinsic rewards such as service delivery to the people, public interest and the importance of work (Houston, 2000). In terms of accomplishment and fulfillment in work, public employees rated higher than their private sector counterparts (Houston, 2000). The motivation rewards will vary depending on social, cultural and ethical environments. Employee attitude is another determining factor in the accomplishment of a successful motivation reward. The reward may be in terms of income; however, it may be dependent on other social and economic structures like education background, experience, service delivery and efficiency. The managerial structures and the bureaucratic stem of governance play a big part in the effectiveness of employee motivation. Streamlining of processes and making the work environment adaptable is a more convenient way of motivating the employees. Better working conditions also play a major role in ensuring that the employees feel valued and appreciated (Houston, 2000). Rules are there to be followed. Sometimes they can be effective or ineffective depending on how they are managed, applied or regulated. In the public management system, certain standards are always required for efficient service delivery. Red tape is an excessive regulation applied in most public corporations and governments that is usually considered to be rigid or bureaucratic as it affects the flow of action, service delivery and decision making. With the aim of reversing the negative effects of this kind of system, public management scholars have come up with a reliable, effective and productive theory known as Green Tape Theory (DeHart-Davis, 2009). Transition is a very delicate topic especially in the public management system. In most cases, the fear of change stops us from taking action. Anxiety in the public system has limited the effectiveness of the Green Tape Theory because of

National Trust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

National Trust - Essay Example Even though a non-profit organization has no investors or return on investment to consider, it must weigh such factors as fundraising, volunteer staff and goodwill that a commercial firm does not (Greechie 2003). Since it only charges, membership fee, a fee to visit its sites and purchase of its products at special stores, this is hardly enough to pay for their places. This means that the more they have to rely on donations and collect the funds to pay off all these additional costs National Trust is unstable economy. During economic difficulties the organization may experience has problem with finance given by good people. When times get tough, people will spend less money for charity due to the high cost of living. unless there is a strong relationship between the established donors to the National Trust, solution to this problem may not be found. The fact that it is the non-profit organization makes it less competitive and any work vacancies can be avoided people. This can be solve by effective advertisement strategies National Trust is a strength on their part National Trust uses newspapers, magazines, billboards and Internet ads to reach a large audience. They have a good chance to take an interest in people who have never heard about organization. They achieved great success in advertising. It has employed; Above the line and Below-the-line promotion tactics. Above -the-line method involves the use of traditional methods of advertising such as newspapers and magazines. Below -the-line promotions must have deal with specifically chosen audience. Group receives letters by mail, news articles, press releases, promotions, exhibitions and sponsorship activities. It is a form of an integrated campaign aimed at sending messages to a clearly defined audience. Advantage above the line promotion is that it reaches a wider audience while below - line

Quality Concepts of Statistical Applications Research Paper

Quality Concepts of Statistical Applications - Research Paper Example It is important to note that the meaning of the word quality varies between people and sectors. However, there are two definitions for technical usage as follows. 1) Features of a service or a product that determine its ability to fulfill implied or stated needs. This is in line with Philip Crosby’s definition of â€Å"conformance to requirements† 2) Deficiency free product or service. This conforms with Joseph Juran’s definition of â€Å"fitness for use† From the term quality we can derive two other terms. These are quality assurance and quality control. These two terms can have several definitions because of the various definitions of the words assurance and control. For example, assurance can be interpreted as being certain or making confident. Control on the other hand can be interpreted as guiding or an evaluation to determine appropriate corrective responses. Quality assurance and quality control are often used in place of each other to mean actions undertaken to ensure quality of a service or a process. It is however important to differentiate these two terms for clarity in their use. Quality assurance focuses on the processes through which products are developed or services delivered. It aims to prevent defects through quality processes that the products undergo. Quality control on the other hand focuses on the end products. ... One school of thought was proposed by Douglas McGregor. He had two theories in this case, theory x and theory y. Both theories are based on the assumption that one of the roles of a manager is to organize the factors of production. Theory x assumes the following of an average person. They dislike work and try to avoid it, have no ambition and want no responsibility. It also assumes that they are self-centered and do not care about organizational goals. In a nutshell persons who fall under theory x work only for money and security. Management approaches in this area could range from hard to soft approach. These would include coercion, implicit threat, close supervisions and tight controls. Theory y, on the other hand, assumes the following about an average person. Work is as natural as play and rest. Commitment helps people meet their work objectives in a self-directed manner. People generally seek responsibility. Since people align their goals to organizational goals in this theory, managers can take several measures to ensure the best input from employees. These measures could include decentralization and delegation, job enlargement, participative management and performance appraisals. The concept of scientific management was coined by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1911. There are several principles, also referred to as elements that detail the mechanisms of scientific management. These he considered as extensions to the four principles of management. The four concepts of managements are as follows. The development of a true science The scientific selection of the workman The scientific education and development of the workman Intimate and friendly cooperation between the management and the men.

Examining The Online TOC Analysis Techniques Information Technology Essay

Examining The Online TOC Analysis Techniques Information Technology Essay The article talks about implementing automated online TOC analyses at different points of use, comparing it to off-line laboratory TOC analysis techniques in terms of cost, setup, implementation and operation. The article stresses on controlling the TOC quality attribute for the release of PW and WFI for product manufacturing processes. It also talks about effective regulatory compliance and validation, as well as effective management of water system. It talks separately about the issue of the TOC instrument, its response efficiency and system suitability and acceptability tests, as well as the water test in terms in light of the current USP, EP regulations. It then talks about implementing PAT initiatives with the use of sensors to automate release of water for the online TOC analysis, discussing different configurations setups. Background Currently in industry, the use of offline laboratory TOC analyzers is much more common as compared to online TOC analyzers. The industry feels no need to improve on existing systems or processes. Companies tend to focus on quick and easy validation rather than effective validation. Lab TOC analyzers are used for fulfilling regulatory requirements, QC approval of water TOC attribute. They are good for fulfilling USP and EP regulations, for dealing with many water loops, and for cleaning validation too. As companies are required to determine bacteria, endotoxins for different water use points by default, TOC samples have to be collected analyzed with laboratory TOC analyzers. At times, it is even difficult to do the System Suitability Test on online TOC analyzers for quality assurance demonstrating acceptable TOC analysis. The initial capital cost for implementing automated online TOC system for water release can be expensive, and if the system is not well understood, that can cause a lot of additional problems and expenses. These are some of the reasons why many companies refuse to convert to on-line TOC analysis for water release. For passing the TOC attribute test to send the water for manufacturing processes, both the water being tested and the analyzer suitability, acceptability criteria must be fulfilled. The System Suitability Testing is not explained by USP or EP. The System Suitability testing frequency is determined by user, and the factors for determining it are the water used between SS testing, costs of SS testing, reliability of analyzer to pass the test and internal risk assessment of product produced. The suitability of TOC Analyzers is determined by three solutions: a blank, sucrose at 0.5mg.C/L and 1,4 benzoquinone at 0.5mg.C/L. Using these pieces of information, the response efficiency can be calculated. If the TOC analyzer response is greater than 85% and less than 115%, the analyzer has passed the test. The regulatory requirements for the water to pass are if its concentration is less than the concentration of sucrose subtracted from the blank. The system suitability test compares the recovery of the analyzer for an easy-to-oxidize sucrose and a hard-to-oxidize (1,4 benzoquinone) standard. The relationship of the independent recoveries must be periodically demonstrated and fall within specified limits.3 In addition to the required system suitability test, an on-line instrument will require periodic calibration and verification. For acceptable water test results acceptability, so it can be sent for the manufacturing processes; the suitability and acceptability of the analyzer must be demonstrated both before (initial suitability test) and after water testing (final suitability test). This is where a lot of failures can occur in both the offline and online TOC analyzer systems. But in the case of online TOC analyzer systems, once the process and its sources of variations are understood properly, there is a very minimal chance that the system suitability tests will fail. Discussion Some of the advantages automated on-line TOC analysis systems have over off-line laboratory TOC analysis systems are elimination of manual sampling errors. Sampling is the area where most errors take place in Analysis. TOC analyses before sending the water for manufacturing processes is extremely sensitive. It is imperative to have extremely accurate analysis for the measurements of TOC in the water, as it will have a huge impact on the processes since water is used everywhere in the form of critical utilities. It is important that there are essentially no inaccuracies in its measurements. The on-line TOC analysis if implemented correctly can do that, but an off-line laboratory TOC analyzer cannot. The other advantage that an on-line TOC analyzer has over an off-line is that it results in process automation, which results in less utilization of company resources that can be deployed elsewhere, as well as decreasing the operating costs. Online analyzers are also better for repetitive, routine TOC testing requirements. In the past, pharmaceutical companies used to rely on lab TOC analyzers to meet USP, EP or JP requirements for PW and WFI release. However, by implementing an approach centered round the use of PAT initiatives, as well as a real-time release program using an on-line TOC analyzer, companies are realizing the benefits of reduced cost, reduced waste and improved consistency of quality production. On-line TOC analyzers allow re-focusing of lab resources to other more critical quality control and product development activities, while maintaining better regulatory compliance The critical factors for implementing on-line TOC are regulatory expectations, reliability, analytical performance, ease of use and elimination of manual errors. By using online TOC analyzers instead of offline laboratory TOC analyzers, we are removing the most common source of error in chemical analysis, which greatly helps us increase the analytical performance of the online TOC analyzer, increase the ease of use, and eliminate manual errors from the system. By using a dual (2) on-line analyzers in a single loop, we are increasing the robustness and reliability of the online TOC analysis system. Payback on investment is also achieved in 1 years time. This is discussed later in the paper in more depth. To understand how to implement the automated online TOC analyzer system for the release of water successfully and effectively, we have to understand the sources of variation for TOC quality attributes, as well the critical parameters and quality attributes, the manufacturing process itself, and learn how to control all of these as well as the in-process water coming from the source raw water feed. This fits in perfectly with the PAT initiative that quality must be built into a system or a process rather than tested into it, as well as understanding and effectively controlling the process, by analyzing and controlling it through timely measurements of critical quality and performance attributes of its source feeds. All of this will lead to a better controlled, effective and optimized design of the system or process, and this will in turn result in the superior products. If one takes out drug product and raw materials from the context of the definition of the PAT and replaces it with water (PW or WFI), the idea of PAT can be used to on effectively implementing an automated online TOC analysis system that will result in the same advantages. Using the PAT initiatives for automated online TOC analysis for water release can also greatly help in the regulatory requirements that need to be fulfilled as well. The concept of PAT also encourages scientific, risk-managed pharmaceutical development, quality assurance. Less rejects, reprocessing improves the efficiency of the process, which in turn increases capacity. As WFI water is extremely expensive and is the most common excipient, and ingredient in drug manufacturing; the company must make sure that not a lot of it is rejected before the manufacturing process and/or wasted, and/or is reprocessed instead of being wasted. This also perfectly aligns to the PAT initiatives. The PAT concept encourages the company to manage variability instead of rejecting it. Some of the sources of variability in online TOC analysis systems are: a) source water or raw water feed. This has a huge effect on the final TOC. b) PW WFI storage tanks c) Distillation units: PW is supplied to it to produce WFI. TOC can leak into WFI if main distillation unit develops heat exchanger leak depending on TOC quality. The PAT requirements for water release system are understanding of TOC or conductivity removal/addition processes and the sources of conductivity/TOC. The determination of critical TOC and conductivity control points, implementation of TOC and conductivity analyzers, as well as requirements for the control system is part of the PAT initiative. There also needs to be a control element (manual or automatic) for water release. In implementing the PAT initiative, the component of real time release includes assessed material attributes and process controls. Combined process measurements and test data gathered during manufacturing process is used for real time release for final release of product, and this demonstrates compliance with regulatory quality attributes. Online TOCs analyzers measure TOC representing a specific point of use. So the acceptability of on-line TOC analyzers for TOC attributes testing depends on its location in system. Instrument responses at a point of locations should reflect quality of water used at that point. For on-line TOC analyzers, the value of TOC with released water depends on the time interval between consecutive SS Tests. SS tests should take place continually as long time intervals between consecutive SS tests results in failure (Out of Specification results). The online TOC analyzers can be set up in different ways and configurations for testing the water TOC. It is important to set up the equipment correctly and calibrate it, because it is part of the Installation Qualification (IQ). If the IQ is not done correctly, it will result in the failing of the System Suitability test and acceptability test for water and/or on-line analyzer, which means a failed Operational Qualification (OQ). Equipment can be installed and operational, but the final steps to release the water to production may not be implemented. This results in the failure of the Performance Qualification (PQ) for that system, because the wrong IQ and OQ took place. The cheapest way for an online TOC analysis is using a single online TOC analyzer on the exit of the distribution loop just before return to the storage tank, and the laboratory TOC analyzer is the backup to the online TOC system. Unfortunately, this method is also the least robust, because if this one online TOC analyzer does not pass the system suitability test, the process will lose its automation. However, if the same analytical measuring technology is used for both analyzers, the potential instrument response variances between the two analyzers is eliminated, which means the off-line laboratory TOC analyzer can be used to determine at which point of use the online TOC analyzer went wrong, by comparing the TOC analysis values of the online and offline TOC analyzers. Comparing the two readings from the analyzer can also be used to fulfill the Performance Qualification (PQ) requirements. But this would require very frequent sampling on the lab TOC analyzer, there is a chance that the exact point and time of failure, where the on-line TOC failed the SS test cannot be determined effectively. The most robust and reliable method is using dual on-line TOC analysis system. To achieve this kind of setup, two on-line TOC analyzers must be installed onto a single distribution loop. If one of the TOC fails the SS test when it is releasing the water; and if it can be proven that the 2 TOC analyzers on the distribution line are measuring the same water: the other TOC analyzer will serve as a backup and make sure that the TOC analysis and the release of the water is still automated. There is very less likelihood that both TOC analyzers fail the SS test at the same time. A laboratory off-line TOC can also be used again for PQ purposes. But it is imperative that both the analyzers are measuring the same water and its TOC for one to be used as a backup for the other. If it is not, there is a chance that unacceptable is being released for manufacturing processes. As mentioned in the paper before, as the testing of its TOC critical attributes depends on the point of use, the TOC(s) can be used in any kind of arrangement to serve different purposes, such as ensure the various components in the loop (such as the Distillation or other water purification systems) are working correctly or not. The diagram below the PW feed going into the line, and the WFI feed coming out from the distillation unit. One TOC analyzer is connected to the PW feed line, the other one is connected to the WFI feed line. Comparing the readings from both these TOC analyzers can tell whether the distillation unit is working correctly or not. There might be a risk that the distillation unit or distribution loop is adding TOC to the water as a result of system failure, which means that the backup TOC is not fulfilling its purpose. The whole point of using an on-line TOC analysis system over an off-line lab TOC analyzer is for the purpose of the recirculation of the PW or WFI. If the water is needed for a specific point of use in an off-line lab analyzer, the water will be manually taken and sampled on the off-line TOC analyzer. If that sample fails, essentially the whole stream of water most probably fails too. If the off-line lab analyzer fails or the water test fails, all that water which is very expensive will go to waste, and will not be recirculated. In the online TOC analyzer system, once it has been figured out where (at which point[s] of use, if it is being added) TOC is being added to the water; that is remedied. When that has been resolved, all the sources of variability have been identified; all the components are installed and functioning correctly, the water can be recirculated over and over, making this a continuous automated process. The storage tank will always be filled because when the water is being distributed from the storage tank to various points of use, the WFI feed coming out the distillation unit will always be filling up the lost water. Implementing the PAT initiative into the automated online TOC analysis also means implementation of automated real time TOC release systems, computer, data acquisition, process sensors, process equipment process analytical instrumentation integrated into a comprehensive management system. The comprehensive management system ensures continual operation process within prescribed limits to ensure quality. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA), distributed control systems (DCS), Facility Monitoring Systems (FMS), Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and Man-Machine Interfaces (MMI) are other tools that can be used as well. PAT guidance documents aid operation, control, monitoring water systems integrating automation, sensory data, feedback mechanisms with target to implement PAT online instrumentation for automatic formal QC water release to production. Proven technology allows for the automation of standards introduction and data management. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is one such technology, and standards can be loaded into the TOC analyzer and processed automatically to produce results. The figure below shows an automated standards introduction system in an on-line TOC analyzer: RFID is a well known technology that is currently used in the pharmaceutical industry as a preventative measure against counterfeiting. It uses an RFID tag that comprises of a microchip, substrate and an antenna) and a reader/writer. The RFID tag is programmed with all the data related to a specific standard, including the contents of the bottle, certified concentration, lot number and expiration date. Once the RFID tag aligns with the reader/writer, the data is automatically transferred to the analyzer. There is no need for any manual input here. The only thing someone has to do is simplified through an easy to use and understand touch-screen man-machine interface (MMI) Problems can arise in online TOC analysis system if contaminants enter the water systems that are harmful for the system operating. Even though current water system technology produces very consistent and reliable results, excursions can occur. Excursions are discrepancies from normal water system operating conditions. When an excursion occurs, that means that quality of water produced is questionable. If there is excursion in the system, it is a good idea to obtain a sample of water from the system on which an independent analysis can be done. Analysis of the water sample can provide information about why the excursion occurred, and that would help in rectifying the problem of excursion. Some TOC analyzers use methods to separate compounds that are not expected to come in contact with process water from the analysis. Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are susceptible to damage from chorines and chloramine by-products in disinfection process. If chlorine or any of its biproducts cracks into the water system or even has a small presence of it; that means that the system has failed. If a TOC analyzer is designed to separate these compounds from the analysis, it will only hide the problem and will not rectify it in any way. TOC analyzers designed to respond to contamination by the presence of these compounds in the process water, by capturing a sample of water; but only if that sample is equipped with excursion monitoring capability. This helps the water system engineer to identify the problem and rectify it. A TOC analyzer equipped with an OASISà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ may be configured for excursion monitoring. Excursion monitoring is defined as the ability to extract and save a sa mple of water from process water right after a pre-programmed water condition such as such as high TOC levels, water conductivity with regard to USP limits, water chemistries deemed wrong by analyzer and his analysis, have been implemented. Using this technology, problems with process water can be identified well before limits have been exceeded, with ability to program a specific TOC level that must be exceeded for excursion capture. In case of the identification of an excursion in the process water, the analyzer will immediately capture a sample of water directly from the water system and place it in an empty bottle, equipped with an RFID tag that has been loaded into the analyzer. Upon sample capture, all the data associated with the excursion is recorded on the RFID tag using the writing capability of the RFID reader/writer. The integration of the RFID with excursion monitoring enables that the data associated with captured excursion water is protected and cannot be changed. A lab equipped with the appropriate RFID reading capability, has the ability to read the tag and associate the data with the water sample, such as the serial number of the analyzer, date, time, last TOC, conductivity and temperature values. Beca use of this type of analysis for the process water, better understanding for the reasons for the cause of the excursion can be identified. As the excursion capture is initiated by the TOC analyzer results, the sample is as indicative of the water condition as possible. The PAT enables application of risk-based approaches to enhance quality of a process. By applying excursion monitoring capability, risks associated with producing off-spec water is greatly reduced. The TOC analyzer becomes a water system diagnostic tool, rather than just a regulatory sensor to monitor TOC limits. Summary In the past, pharmaceutical companies used to rely on lab TOC analyzers to meet USP, EP or JP requirements for PW and WFI release. However, by implementing an approach centered round the use of PAT initiatives, as well as a real-time release program using an on-line TOC analyzer, companies are realizing the benefits of reduced cost, reduced waste and improved consistency of quality production. On-line TOC analyzers allow re-focusing of lab resources to other more critical quality control and product development activities, while maintaining better regulatory compliance. This conversion of approach from a simple reproduction to a more risk based approach which reduces variability (instead of rejecting it) enables the implementation of new technologies and more cost effective measures, which in turn results in more efficient and effective processes and higher quality products. With the advent of the Process Analytical Technology (PAT) Quality by Design (QbD) approaches, the desire is to evolve pharmaceutical processes from an art to a science with engineering-based activity, application of enhanced science and engineering knowledge in regulatory decision-making, establishment of specifications and evolution of manufacturing processes. With the advent of new technologies such as RFID and MMI, the automated process has been simplified, been made more effective. With excursion monitoring, a TOC analyzer becomes more than just a TOC sensor for regulatory purposes. It becomes a tool that minimizes the risk of falling out of specification. Implementing new technologies through PAT allows the addition of true value wherever traditional regulatory compliance is required. I believe there is a lot to be learned and implemented on this topic in industry. I found the topic highly important and of high learning. I hope to work in a pharmaceutical company that can implement such initiatives in water systems.

Key Events in the Civil Rights Movement Essay -- Civil Rights Equality

The Civil Rights Movement started with The Montgomery Bus Boycott. The Boycott officially started on December 1, 1955. Rosa Parks was an Educated women and she attended the laboratory school at Alabama State College. Even with that kind of education she decided to become a seamstress because of the fact that she could not find a job to suit her skills. Rosa Parks was arrested December 1955. Rosa Parks Entered a bus with three other blacks and sat on the fifth row. The fifth row was the first row the black could occupy. After a few stops later the rows in front of them where filled with whites. According to the law at the time blacks and whites could not occupy the same row. There had been one white man left with out a seat. The bus driver had told the four to move so the white man had a place to sit. The other three that was with Rosa Parks had moved. Rosa Parks however did not. She refused and was arrested. E.D. Nixon post bond for Rosa Parks. He told her that with her permission they could break segregation from buses with her case. Jo Ann Robinson made flyers and distributed them with her students. The flyers urged people to stay off the buses on Monday the day Rosa Parks case was due. Martin Luther King, Jr. a minister thought that if they could 60 percent of the blacks to stay off the buses the boycott would be a success. Martin Luther King Jr. thought he saw a miracle when he saw bus after bus pass his house with no blacks in them. That night they had called a meeting him and other ministers and blacks of the community which they called there self (MIA) Montgomery Improvement Association. They elected King the president of the group. They had a decision to make whether or not to continue with boycott or not. Then E.D. Nixon rose to speak: ?What's the matter with you people? Here you have been living off the sweat of these washerwomen all these years and you have never done anything for them. Now you have a chance to pay them back, and you're too damn scared to stand on your feet and be counted! The time has come when you men is going to have to learn to be grown men or scared boys.? The MIA had then decided to let the people vote on whether or not to let the boycott continue or not. They held a mass meeting and it was obvious to see that they decided to continue with the boycott. When the boycott began no one had expected for it to ... ...a return to Montgomery, where the civil rights movement had started ten years earlier with the Montgomery Bus Boycott. A few months later, blacks had reason to rejoice again. It was truly a day for celebration. On August 6, 1965, President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act into law. By 1969, 61% of voting-age blacks in America were registered to vote, compared to 23% in 1964. The Selma to Montgomery march clearly showed both how far American blacks had come and how far they still had to go. Ten years ago blacks could barley do anything and now they are equally treated how they are suppose to be. During the movement mainly great people died. The sacrifices they made help make America what it is today. The movement was from 1955-1965, those years where some of the hardest years for America. We overcome our differences and now everyone is equal. This report was based on The Civil Rights Movement. Websites http://www.mecca.org/~crights/cyber.html http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/ http://www.infoplease.com/spot/civilrightstimeline1.html Books Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement

Homeopath and Naturopath Medicine Essay

Before the practice of the traditional medicine that is used today there was Homeopath and Naturopath medicine; there is evidence of a growing acceptance and use of these more historical medicine practices being used in modern times. Homeopathy and naturopathic medicine practices have a great deal in common; however, there are distinct differences. Over traditional medicine practice and treatment, homeopath and naturopath medicine tend to treat the whole person that try to address the root of the medical problem instead of just treating its symptoms. Cranberry juice helps cure urinary tract infections, garlic is a natural antibiotic and has also been shown to help heart disease as well as other health issues; these two â€Å"cures† are just a sample of using a more holistic approach to treatment rather than prescribing a medication that can be purchased at the local pharmacy. Traditional physicians now prescribe natural based treatments like the garlic and another is fish oil. Knowing the difference between the homeopath and the naturopath practices when seeking medical help is advisable. As stated by Martin Hughes, in his article â€Å"Homeopath vs. Naturopath†: ‘The terms â€Å"homeopath† and â€Å"naturopath† mean different things in different states. In states that license naturopathic doctors as primary care physicians, a practitioner of naturopathic medicine is known as a naturopathic physician. A naturopathic physician may practice homeopathy; homeopathy is one of several treatment modalities used by naturopathic physicians to address your health complaints. In these states, a person who has not obtained the degree of naturopathic doctor from an accredited four-year naturopathic medical school may practice homeopathy but is not permitted to call herself a â€Å"naturopathic doctor.† In states that do not have a licensing process for naturopathic doctors, anybody—including lay homeopaths—can refer to themselves as a â€Å"naturopathic doctor.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Both types of practitioners are unique, however still complement the other. Both believe that the human body is able to heal itself from many illnesses and treatment of ailments should be in a natural form that enables the body  to work properly and heal naturally. Homeopaths and Naturopaths do not always go for the quick fix that a traditional doctor may use. An example is that a traditional doctor may prescribe a chemically based cream for a sever rash, the homeopath and naturopath might advise a cream made from gold seal. Both natural and traditional creams do work. The chemical based is more expensive and may work somewhat faster. A choice comes down to whether the patient would rather use chemicals or something natural to treat an ailment. Before the treatment even begins, there are major differences between naturopathic and homeopathic medical diagnosing that the patient should be aware of. Homeopaths use a detailed question and answering session that may take hours to go thr ough; a naturopath may use a question format along with x-rays and blood work to find the root cause to health problems. A naturopath may work alongside a formally trained medical doctor in an office or within a hospital format, homeopaths typically do not. (Hughes, 2011) Patients need to be aware of how their choice of practitioner works, have confidence in their ability and a willingness to follow any treatment plan given. The treatment that both Homeopaths and Naturopath practitioners use can have differences, both treat the whole body. Many homeopaths use herbalists for help in creating a mixture or formula that treat an ailment. The mixtures are normally made from plants, herbs and juices that are developed in a refined manner and often grown by the herbalist. A naturopath may use botanical and/or chemically based medication. An interesting fact is that women that created the concoctions that healed and treated the sick hundreds of years ago were once considered witches. The practice of burning witches at the stake began in Europe. An ironic fact is that men who practiced â€Å"modern† medicine and often used treatments such as blood-letting found the â€Å"witches† potions to be more effective treatment which then men did not like. (Ehrenreich and English, 1972) Historically effective naturopathic medicine is being brought back into many remedies used today by traditional, naturopathic and holistic practitioners. There is a weaving of practices that is being integrated in a positive way that allows patients today to look at their own health as a whole body treatment. Yoga, vitamin therapy, exercising, following a healthy eating plan is as important as taking medications prescribed by a physician. The weaving begins with the historical use of the naturopath and  homeopathic knowledge we’ve had for generations. The naturopath uses a more whole body approach which may include exercise, diet, regular medicine, herbal or natural types of medicine, hydrotherapy, acupuncture and lifestyle coach ing. (Hughes, 2011) Both homeopaths and naturopaths believe that the human spirit has a great deal to do with how well a person may do when the holistic approach is used. Cancer Treatment Centers of America advertise use of a more naturopathic and holistic approach to treating cancer patients. Caretakers that use a holistic approach and are competent to help treat homeopathic and naturopathic patients are used as a form of support and re-enforcing the treatment plans. ( http://www.cancercenter.com/integrative-treatment.cfm) In some societies spiritual blessings are given or offerings are made, what once was seen as voodoo and witchcraft is now seen in a more spiritually accepted point of healing the inner body. All treatments should be done following the guidelines that are given by the practitioners. Some of the treatments may sound farfetched and even weird, but have proof of their use and positive effect for thousands of years before today. Social media sites such as Facebook are full of people who will swear by some crazy sounding cures, which in fact actually do have medical merit. (One should always check with someone that has proper knowledge before trying anything that may sound dangerous.) It is wise any time a patient is uncomfortable with a diagnosis or treatment plan, they have the right to refuse. Once the treatment is given and completed, there is another difference in how homeopath and naturopath practitioners review the patient’s success. The naturopath will go through many of the same questions that were used in diagnosing a problem. Along the same lines is the checking of symptoms and reactions to the remedies used. If a problem still exists, a naturopath will add another nature formulated item to the treatment and there will be another follow-up a week or two later. A homeopath may use further x-rays and blood work to ensure the treatment is being effective. (Hughes, 2011) There is an ability in gaining knowledge that allows one to know that many forms of natural and homeopathic treatments are being used rather than filling the human body with chemicals that may become toxic, thus poisoning the body. Toxic medications and treatments have been known to cause death, birth defects and cancers. Drug recalls are constantly in the news, most people know at least  one person that has been impacted by a dangerous side effect of a chemical-based medication. Natural medicines or treatments are not without danger; therefore it is imperative to talk to someone who has studied homeopathy, naturopathy or are an herbalist before treating a health problem. Empowering knowledge comes from studying holistic medicine, learning there are ways that are cheaper and better for the body than dangerous, more traditional medicine. The human body is an incredible machine that needs to be treated in the best way possible, using naturopathic and homeopathic medicine is a step in the right direction. References: Hughes, M., D.C. (August 11, 2011). Homeopath-vs-naturopath. Retrieved from http://www.livestrong.com/article/100600-homeopath-vs.-naturopath/ Ross, J. (2004) The Mood Cure, published by Viking-Penguin Ehrereich, B., English, D. (1972). Witches, Midwives, and Nurses: A History of Women Healers http://www.cancercenter.com/integrative-treatment.cfm

buy custom Sample essay on Extent and Effects of Pollution in China

buy custom Sample essay on Extent and Effects of Pollution in China Extent and Effects of Pollution in China China is on a way to become the next superpower in the nearest future, and to achieve its goal China has made numerous economic, urbanization and industrialization gains at the expense of air, water and land pollution. Perhaps, it is due to that neglects that China has faced numerous consequences from pollution in regard to health. The biggest effect to the pollution problem of China is that huge amounts of money received from economic gains is reversed back for catering health problems arose from pollution. From various research and reports, it is evident that almost the whole territory of China is affected by pollution, especially the urban towns. Health impact from air pollution takes the largest percentage of all effects of pollution towards health. Air pollution affects both plants and animals' health in various ways. Humans in China are the major sufferers as the crops they feed on are affected too. People cannot find adequate food for survival and have to seek for alternative methods of getting food. The humans cannot also concentrate on working productively as the air pollution causes headaches and nausea. Water and land pollution affects both humans and the environment at almost similar rates as they are interdependent. Natural resources such as rivers, seas, forests and grasslands are becoming depleted or useless at an alarming rate. The rate of depletion gets higher with the increase in the amount of industrial wastes. The dumping of wastes from industries or household was not considered in the development plans of China. The decreasing of pollution levels in China would involve a large amount of money for the purification programs. China has the money to do so, but it is afraid of loosing the gains that it has made during the last century. Buy custom essay on environmental pollution

Child Labor In Mining Industries Children And Young People Essay Essays

Child Labor In Mining Industries Children And Young People Essay Essays Child Labor In Mining Industries Children And Young People Essay Essay Child Labor In Mining Industries Children And Young People Essay Essay If we can non get down to hold on the basicss, such as the riddance of the most opprobrious signifiers of kid labour, so we truly are non ready to process frontward into the hereafter is a quotation mark taken from Alexis Herman, She is the 23rd US Secretary of Labor, functioning under President Bill Clinton. What does Mining industries comes to a individual s head when it is being discussed about it? Mining industries is fundamentally a sector where skillful and good trained labourers were being hired by corporations to delve up assorted cherished elements found in the mines and to sell or treat them with a net income. Furthermore, labourers are being supervised consequently to the stringent safety ordinances being enforced by the Labor Organization. However, this is merely a portion of the narrative being told. In the current competitory society, engaging adept good trained labourers is expensive ; hence, corporations need to happen an alternate path to cut down their outgo cost su ch as avoiding paying assorted legally-mandated societal security fees on their employees behalf includes wellness and personal insurance to keep profitableness ( Patrinos, 2007 ) . As a consequence, kid development in gold excavation industries emerges. Child development in excavation industry is an international celebrated job and it is being described as minor kid bush leagues whom are being forced or voluntarily work for inconsiderate greedy corporations merely to gain extra income to back up their household who are in poorness province. Furthermore, it is besides being illustrate as work that will strip kids of their childhood, their possible, interferes with their ability to go to regular school Sessionss and their self-respect, and which are harmful to their physical and mental development ( International Labour Organization, n.d ) . Through child labour in excavation industries, these kids will finally larn how to go more independent, mature every bit good as productive. Although it may be true that these kids can besides larn how to go independent, mature every bit good as productive by merely go toing schools, nevertheless, by talking from a realistic base point, these kids who are involved in child labour are largely derived from hapless families where their parents whom are incapable in affording to pay tuitions fees, books, uniforms, composing stuffs and transit to school for their kids. In add-on, some kids are forced to jump school as they have to work to gain extra income to feed themselves and their households. Through working, even from a really immature age, these kids will be able to someway be productive with the work that they carry out. For illustration, a kid who works in a gold excavation sector does non merely larn how to distinguish existent gold metal bars from normal pebbles and runing sophi sticated machinery but the kids will besides be able to gain money for themselves and their household as good. Furthermore, these kids who work will besides hold the chance to larn how to be mature and independent because they will finally go used to work on their ain. The endurance of many households particularly in hapless states is entirely depends on their working kids which play an indispensable function to keep their survivability to gain excess income merely to feed their empty tummies. Furthermore, kids are forced to drop out of school by their parents due to their increasing load as they need money to buy nutrients and other basic necessities to keep their endurance. Harmonizing to the International Labor Organization, We have to acquire to the root of kid labour which is linked with poorness and deficiency of decent and productive work ( Tubeza, 2012 ) . Poverty is one of the major root causes of child development and this is on the many grounds why kids at a immature age are needed to work. In add-on, why child labour in excavation industries could be something good is because of boycotts made against the Torahs which were created to forestall child labour from go oning may take to other greater effects such as harming the kids alternatively of assisting them. Unicef stated that an about of 100,000 kids lost their occupations in the excavation industries across Africa and other states ( Mottaz, 2006 ) . Therefore this causes many kids to get more unsafe occupations such as drug smuggling, child harlotry and other occupations that are more exploitatory than their old excavation industries occupation. Child labour in mining industries may seems to be good to some of the kids, but nevertheless, it deprives kids of their childhood, their possible, interferes with their ability to go to regular school Sessionss and their self-respect, and which are harmful to their physical and mental development ( International Labour Organization, n.d ) . These kids which involved in kid labour have the inclination to be withdrawn from a normal and happy life style of a childhood as they have no or unequal clip to bask the activities that immature kids normally do such as playing, go toing schools, or heightening their endowments through school with proper counsel. Additionally, playing and holding a proper instruction are merely one of the few rights given to kids that consideration should be given to, therefore striping kids from their childhood and potencies literally means go againsting their rights as kids, to travel against their self-respect every bit good as their freedom. Children may larn how to go independent, mature and productive through child labour in excavation industries but there are other more modern-day ways in larning it such as through proper counsel from their parents and go toing schools. Furthermore, a smattering of kids involved in kid excavation are non even at their legal working age, which includes kids between the ages of 15 to 17 old ages old ( Mottaz, 2006 ) . Countless figure of these hapless kids may be forced to work for the interest to guarantee the survivability of their household members ; hence this is the portion where the authorities plays an of import function in implementing rigorous statute law and policies to protect these kids. Awareness undertakings every bit good as contribution thrust is besides one of the extremely applause events that authorities can lend to the society. It may be true that statute law and policies enforced by the authorities could forestall child labour in mining industries from emerging but it may take kids to carry on a much more unsafe work that they have done before otherwise. The authorities should vouch a better and brighter hereafter for these kids in add-on to the creative activity and enforcing of statute law and policies that kerb kid labour in excavation industries. If the authorities provides Non-profit Organization which aid and supply better benefits to the kids of kid labour, possibly it might be possible that kids will halt from making these unsafe plants. Despite the facts that child labour in mining industries teaches kids to be independent, mature and productive, child labour is besides an indispensable factor for the endurance of many hapless family households and the statute law and policies made by the authorities which prevent kid labour in excavation industries causes kids to be involved in work which are more unsafe than they have been through earlier. Therefore child labour deprives kids from their childhood, their possible every bit good as their self-respect. All in all, I unfeignedly believe everyone is born with a modest bosom ; therefore we must unify and assist one another to battle and extinguish child labour every bit shortly as possible. We besides must hold the courtesy to lend at least something to the society such as by giving out contributions, take parting in societal events such as flash rabble to make more consciousness to the populace. Let us work together to salvage these hapless immature psyches and supply them with a better and brighter hereafter for these kids which will finally convey hope to our universe.

Dimming the sun is not alarmist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dimming the sun is not alarmist - Essay Example The decline in the solar energy produces catastrophic affects like decrease in the evaporation that affect the formation of clouds and effecting the rain cycles of a region. However, in this research, I will discuss although the affects of the phenomenon named as the â€Å"global dimming† are catastrophic but the phenomenon is helping in maintaining the global temperatures of the world. Like the increase in the global warming verses increases in the global dimming. Scientific Data and Reasons The documentary regarding the global dimming seems to be not such that alarming as the effects of the global dimming are not as disastrous as other phenomenon like the global warming. The cause that made the issue of global dimming is the diffusion of the carbon, sulphur and nitrogenous particles to the region of lower concentration that is environment from the region of higher concentration, like the chemical and other factories, vehicles, and power generation systems. The aerosol partic les are much lighter in weight and remain suspended in the air. These aerosol particles block the solar radiation by acting as mirrors, reflecting the solar radiation back to the outer space. ... The particles in combination with the water particles act as a mirrors, reflecting the solar radiations back to the space (Ackerman et al., 1993). Before the discovery of the global dimming phenomenon, global warming was the major issue that impacted the average temperature of the world. An increase of about 0.6 to 0.8 degrees on the Celsius scale was recorded during the past decade. However, global dimming attracted many scientists all over the world. If the actions are taken to minimize the global dimming, then the amount of solar radiation received by the sun increases and thus the green house effect increases due to the increase in the atmospheric carbon-dioxide. That consequently increases the temperature of the world to a remarkable level. Scientific Data Collection and Reduction in Solar radiations Global Energy Balance Archive (GEBA) is the most reliable sources, which is maintained by the World Radiation Data Center (Gilgen et al., 1998) that can be utilized to observe the r adiation level all over the world. According to the observations by the GEBA, the regions with more industrial zones and more number of vehicles and with excessive population are the major contributors in increasing the global dimming as well as global warming as compared to the low populated countries. According to the observations, an average decline of about 4% in the solar radiations is noted in the past three decades to 1990s all around the world. However, after 1990s a major reduction in the solar radiations is noted industrial revolution, increase in the need for power and increase in the number of vehicles all around the world (Liepert 2002). There is more reduction in the solar

Caterpillar Value Chain Strategies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Caterpillar Value Chain Strategies - Assignment Example Through transforming itself to be more focused, responsive, variable and a resilient enterprise, that can connect their businesses end-to-end with suppliers at the one end, and customers at the other, by fusing the best business practices and technology, Caterpillar Inc have successfully introduced accelerated value creation. Caterpillar Inc is the worlds leading manufacturer of construction and mining equipment, diesel and natural gas engines, and industrial gas turbines. The company is a technology leader in construction, transportation, mining, forestry, energy, logistics, electronics, financing and electric power generation. In 2005, Caterpillar posted sales and revenues of $36 billion and a profit of $2.8 billion, maintaining its position as an International supplier and leading U.S. exporter. Currently Caterpillar has more than 85000 employees in its different businesses and divisions world wide. The current success achieved by Caterpillar was no mere coincidence, but due to the strong influence and direction set by its current and former CEO's in periods were Caterpillar lost ground against competitors and registered huge losses. Many different factors influenced the productions, sales and operations during these periods. Factors such as and overvalued dolor, collapse of major markets, union strikes and an inefficient supply chain. To be able to better understand the factors that forced Caterpillar to introduce major changes we need to review each of these trouble periods individually. 1980's Caterpillar has already established an international network of manufacturers, suppliers and dealers after being in the business for more than 75 years. But by 1982 Caterpillar was in trouble with over $1 billion dolor from 1982 through to 1984, with an annual sales figure of approximately $5 billion annually. Factors that contributed to the losses were an overvalued dolor, the concurrent collapse of world markets, a crunching labor strike and the emergence of a fast growing and highly productive competitor, Komatsu. External factors can be seen as an end to a decade long growth in the demand for construction machinery and declining oil prices, led to a decline in investment in the oil exploration and mining operations. The strong dollar versus other currencies resulted in a cost disparity for Caterpillar in relation with their competition and Komatsu an relatively unknown Japanese firm won the market share at the expense of Caterpillar. Komatsu could under price Caterpillar by up t o 30% due to a much higher productivity level. During this time Caterpillar reacted to the downturn in the market by reducing labor cost through freezing employee's wages. This resulted in a national U.S. strike, led by labor unions, which caused huge losses. 1990's In the early 1990's Caterpillar yet again found itself in trouble due to the rise in the value of the dollar and slowing down of demand in construction equipment. At the same time Caterpillar was doing very badly at the stock exchange, limiting the access to capital to support its operations. The CEO of the time took drastic actions to reorganize the company and to yet again cut