Declaration of Independence and I Have a Dream Essay Example for Free

Declaration of independence and I Have a daydream probeThomas Jeffersons Declaration of Independence and Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream atomic number 18 texts that have a common denominator the followers of liberty. Although both documents do not focus their context in the same historical moment, both have greatly influenced the history of the United States. Specifically, Jeffersons offer with the Declaration of Independence was to denounce the offenses suffered at the hands of Great Britain and to finally declare their absolute independence, sovereignty and liberty.On the other hand, Martin Luther Kings speech, I Have a Dream exhorts people to end the discrimination towards Negroes and finally, their freedom. In the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson employs a very clear and concise expression. He employ this powerful language in effectuate to use it as an instrument of social and political change. His wordplay is a very persuasive and strong one. The language of the Declaration of Independence is more(prenominal) complicated because it is a document written in 1776 and some of the words written in it are not apply so often today.In the speech I Have a Dream, Martin Luther King also used words of strong connotation. It is a speech written mostly in the form of sermon, which is influenced by King, who served as a Baptist clergyman. Both texts employ a highly persuasive language that is mainly directed to their single audiences. When we analyze the Declaration of Independence, we can realize that Jefferson makes a list of statements to prove the absolute Tyranny, which is present over the States. He uses these to persuade and convince the audience.Also, he repeats phrases such as He has and For to emphasize the facts he is presenting. Basically, the Declaration of Independence is a deductive argument, a form which begins with a principle and is followed by details, examples, and reasoning. Finally, I Have a Dream is the union of many li terary techniques. Kings use of repetition in phrases like I have a dream and Let freedom ring emphasize the yearnings of Negroes and present what they mainly seek. It is a work which alludes to the Declaration of Independence.It also has lots of metaphors and analogies. The Declaration of Independence focuses its content first in its preamble, in which are written the most important and basic principles of the Declaration. Then, it is followed by a list of charges against the King of Great Britain, which are directed to demonstrate his tyranny among the States. The conclusion says that they must avoid such tyranny and declare that they have their sovereignty and therefore, their freedom. I Have a Dream mainly focuses on the complaint of the disenfranchisement of Negroes and the exhortation to change.Is a social proposal, a breathtaking and inspiring speech in its content. Finally, we conclude that there are more similarities between the Declaration of Independence and I Have a Dream than differences. They are texts that encourage the masses to enter and begin social movements in order to fight for their rights. These are inspiring and encouraging texts that reflect the feeling of the huge majorities in the United States. Synthesizing, the language is complex and compelling, both are full of literary techniques, and the content is social, and aimed at the masses in order to pursuit their liberty.

The Storm by Kate Chopin Essay Example for Free

The assail by Kate Chopin EssayThe short story The Storm by Kate Chopin revolves around a setting that is both exciting and enticing. Chopins portrayal of the storms setting reinforces the plots main thematic elements through descriptive imagery that coincides with the characters emotions throughout the story. The characters in this story, Alcee and Calixta in particular, each make their own best of the situation as the storm hits. The storm is described as a violent one, with thrashing winds and glary rain. The cracking of the thunder is frightening to Calixta, and jump-starts an emotional reunion between her and Alcee.Alcee takes shelter in Calixta and her husband, Bobintots home before the storm begins. Alcee, hearing the rumble of the thunder and the nauseous voice of Calixta, tries to comfort her. While the rain beats against the door, he reminds her of a moment that they sh atomic number 18d in Assumption. They then began to kiss one another as they did that night in As sumption. One thing led to another and they ended up engaging in a sexual encounter that was purely for the cheer of each of them. In the late 1800s sex was not looked upon as an experience that was meant to be pleasurable for a woman, instead it was looked upon as an obligation of a wife to her husband.The setting of this story seems to act as a catalyst for these two individuals to look back at their past together and to relive it. While Calixta and Alcee are fornicating, her husband and son, Bibi, are taking cover in a cistern from the storm. They were out getting shrimp for Calixta to cook for dinner. Bibi had been splashed with mud on his advanced pants and the collar of his shirt, and his father commented My Bibi, wat will yo mama say (Chopin 117). They then freshened up a bit to appear more becoming when they returned home. It seems that Bobintot cares very a good deal for his wife and always wants him and his son to look presentable when they are around Calixta. It also seems as though the two are not likewise worried or so Calixtas welfare during the storm, although the story does make mention of whether she will be alright or not.When Alcee and Calixta are talking inside her house about their epoch in Assumption, Chopin writesFor in Assumption, he had kissed and kissed and kissed her until his senses would well nigh fail, and to save her he would resort to a desperate flight. If she was not an immaculate dove in those days, she was distillery inviolate a passionate creature whose very defenselessness had made her defense, against which his honor forbade him to prevail. (Chopin 116).This is telling the reader that they did not make love back in Assumption. Calixta was a virgin then and they were too afraid of being caught to give themselves to each other. If they had sex, Calixta would have probably become pregnant and their reputations would have been destroyed. She would have been labelled a harlot and Alcees honor would have been ruined. However now in this moment of the storm, she is married, and if they have sex and she gets pregnant, everyone will assume that the baby belongs to Bobintot and she will not be caught.Then storm then ended and Alcee rode off on his horse. Bobintot and Bibi returned home with the shrimp and Calixta acted very excited to see them. She got excited and told her husband Shrimps Oh, Bobintot You too good fo anything (Chopin 117) and kissed him and Bibi excessively. The reader also learns that Alcee has a wife that is perching in Biloxi. Alcee wrote a loving letter to her that night telling her that he is doing well and that she should stay in Biloxi if she and the children are fairing well there.The setting often invokes emotional responses that force the characters to react accordingly, which, in turn develops the plot. The surrounding storm is a representation of Calixtas articled up inner emotions. She seems to feel like she has no pleasure in her life and cant do anything that she wa nts to do. This is why she so effortlessly acts out in the manner she does with Alcee. The story tells the reader that while Calixta is in Alcees arms, the thunder and wind do not faze her whatsoever when Chopin writesThey need not heed the crashing torrents, and the pule of the elements madeher laugh as she flummox in his arms. She was a revelation in that dim, mysterious chamber as white as the couch she lay upon. (Chopin 116). On any given afternoon, a storm of this magnitude would easily frighten Calixta, as she was frightened before Alcee took her into his arms, however while romancing with Alcee, Calixta was at heartsease with the storm. The reader can infer that Calixta is overwhelmingly enthused by the situation that she is in. Furthermore, the storm actually acts as a sort of door that allows these actions to take place.The Storm was scripted and set in the late 1800s, when women had few purposes in life other than cleaning, cooking, bearing children, and pleasing their h usbands. Kate Chopin seemed to contradict this in her writing. Writing a story about a womans extramarital affair with a man, who is also married, was something that few people wrote about or agreed with in her day. In fact, the majority of society powerfully disagreed with her work. So much even that she was not allowed to publish anymore after her novel The Awakening.In conclusion, Chopins portrayal of the storms setting reinforces the plots main thematic elements through descriptive imagery that coincides with the characters emotions throughout the story. Chopins use of descriptive imagery in The Storm draws the reader into the setting and houses essential elements for plot development. Chopin utilizes the stormy setting to portray the characters active in sinful acts that at the time were considered taboo. Also, the setting of The Storm provides for the reader an atmosphere capable for understanding and relating to the plots many themes. Not only does the setting provide essen tial elements for plot development, it also acts somewhat as a separate character in itself by affecting the mood and actions of the main characters.Works CitedChopin, Kate. The Storm. literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama.Eds. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 3rd. ed. New York Longman, 2002. 114-118.

Microprocessor Based Water Level Controller Communications Essay

Microprocessor Based body of water Level Controller Communications EssayA microprocessor incorporates almost altogether of the functions of a CPU on a single integrated circuit .The first of the microprocessors emerged in the early 1970 since then they atomic number 18 being used for electronic calculators. Computer were for a long period constructed out of small and medium-scale Integrated circuits containing the equivalent of a few to a few hundred transistors. The integration of the complete CPU onto a single chip helped a lot and therefore greatly reduced the cost of processing capacity. Other embedded uses of 4 s 8- second base microprocessors, such as printers, various kinds of automation etc, followed rather quickly. Affordable 8-bit microprocessors with 16-bit addressing also led to the first general purpose microcomputers in the mid-70s. From their humble beginnings continued increases in microprocessor capacity have rendered other forms of computers almost completely obsolete with one or more microprocessor as processing element in everything from the smallest embedded systems and hold devices to the largest mainframes and supercomputers. Since the early 1970, the capacity of microprocessors have increased which suggests that the complexity of an integrated circuit, with respect to minimum component cost, doubles every two years. In the late 1990s, and in the high-performance microprocessor segment, heat generation due to switching losses, static current leakage.What is a Water Level Controller?It ia a Product which makes you tension free. It Avoids wastage of piss, microprocessor establish pissing take aim bookler is technically advanced and simple to use, It switches ON when the water in the over tank drops down downstairs take aim and puts finish off the pump when the water level rises above level. When the sump reaches valve level the system switch OF the pump automatically and switches ON the pump when the water reaches full level, grassroots INTRODUCTIONThe circuit described here break the water level inside a tank. There are two antithetic modes of operation.. The first is countermand mode and it will take the water out of the tank, the pump will be used to suck the water until the water level drop below the lower level. The second is fill mode. Here the pump will be used to fill the tank, the pump will be activated until the water level reach the upper limit. Here is the schematic diagram of the water level directler circuit The circuit uses NOR logic gates, only one integrated circuits sheaf and one transistor is needed for the active components, very simple design. The default position of SW1 is empty mode, just switch to other position to make the water level controller works in fill mode operation. The relay privy be used to control almost any type of water pump motors. Please be aware that this circuit works only with water or other electrically conductive liquids.MICROPROCESSOR BASED peeing le vel CONTROLLERThe water level Controller is a trustworthy circuit. it takes over the task of checking and Controlling the level of the water in the water tanks. The water level is displayed in the LED graph. The cu probes are used to detect the water level, These are introduceed into the tank which is to be monitored. This water-level Controller-cum-alarm circuit is configured around the 8 bit Microprocessor 8085, It continuously monitors the overhead water level and display it and it will automatically switch On and off. All the input and output functions are done finished the Programmable Peripheral Interface IC 8255.Basic block DiagramFeatures very stable. Easily adjusted for operating requirements. Instant reversion to emergency.microprocessor basePID/Fuzzy controller. Principle The Autonics Water Level Modulating controlsystem is a single element Electro-pneumatic control with a pneumatic Positioner and PID/Fuzzysystem, The system comprises a Transmitter, converter module flo at chamber, a feedline modulating control valve and an electronicmicroprocessor based PID/FUZZY controllers. LEVEL TRANSMITTER Description The Autonic Water Level Modulating control system is a single element Electro-pneumatic control with a positioner and PID auto tuning system. A Level Transmitter with double-float chamber mounted on the tympanum shell, fitted with a coil which can be make according to the requirement. A flanged mount fully stainless steel Control valve, fitted with a positioner and pneumatic actuator, which is mounted in the boiler feedline. A microprocessor-based PID/FUZZY Level controller is mounted on the control panel. An electronic Converter module is also mounted on the control panel. Operation A positive change of water level in the boiler alters the level transmitter inductance value of coil causing an mental unsoundness in the system This signal is genic through with(predicate) the electronic control box and connected to PID controller. Then the micro processor-based PID level controller transmitted an electrical signal to the pneumatic positioner to position and adjusts the position of control valve. A additional low/high water level alarm or burner cut out contact are also provided in the microprocessor-based level controller with the adjustable setting position. Control valve The V control valve has many different inserts for precision throttling control. The inserts are pinned to the END CAPS and are used in conjunction with any of our standard seats. They are designed to change the flow characteristics of the valve and are offered in different shapes to meet a variety of modulating application. For very low C v applications. a specially designed Soft V insert incorporate both the flow element and the ball seal into one component, and maintains continuous contact with the ball. This arrangement provides excellent low end accuracy (EQ%) and repeatability ADVANTAGES OF WATER LEVEL CONTROLLERSaves electricity Can be used any ty pe of pumps Protection to the pump, LED Indication to monitor the water level in the over had tank and sump Low voltage and High voltage cut off (Working Range 160v to 260v) Motor control Direct switching up to 1 HP, through starters for ranges above. Application of water level controllerResidential buildings, Apartments, Hospitals, Educational Institutions, Hostels, Hotels, etc. In maximum homes water is first stored in an resistivity tank and from there it is pumped up to the tank located at the roof. People normally switch on the pump when their taps go dry out and switch off the pump when the tank starts overflowing, which results in the unnecessary wastage and sometimes non-availability of water in the case of emergency which is to be controlled and corrected. The author used a piece of non-metallic conduit pipe (generally used for domestic wiring) slightly longer than the depth of the overhead tank. The common wire C goes up to the end of the pipe through the conduit. The wire for probes L and H goes along with the conduit from the outside and enters the conduit through two small holes bored into it as shown in Fig. 2. Care has to be taken to ascertain that probes H and L do not touch wire C directly. Insulation of wires is to be removed from the points shown. The same arrangement can be followed for the metro tank also. To avoid any false triggering due to in terference, a shielded wire may be used. This water level sensor is profound or appropriatefor liquids that have a conductivity of equal to or more than 25m Siemens,not only this It is your best choice for a water level switch. The system is economical. The level probe and the evaluation unit can be connected using a long cable. Two point sensors for independent switching and automatic control of pumpTECHNICALLYHousing aluminium, Weather-proof enamel painted suitable for back panel Cable Entries 3 Nos. of BSP Mains 110 or 230 Volts AC (-15 to + 10%) 50 Hz. Relay Output 50Hz for non-inductiv e load Power Consumption 5 VA . Fail-Safe Mode High or Low field selectable Response Time 0.5 secs permutation Delay 0.5 to 20 seconds Indication Red LED for Alarm, Green LED for Normal Operating Temp. -20 C to + 60 C Weight 2 Kg.

Pure Culture Methods and Gram Staining

Pure Culture Methods and Gram StainingIndividual and well separated colonies ar essential when working with bacteriuml cultures. Pure culture method involves the step of taking a small and well uncaring colony and transferring it to a unfruitful increment medium in a suitable culture vas (Ryan Ray, 2010). There are three fictitious characters of commonly used methods to produce clean cultures. They are the tally domicile, blossom plate and germinate out plate. All these methods require the use of aseptic technique.Streak plate is suitable for the direct plating of media that contains a large act of cells. To prepare a streak plate, a colony or a loopful of bacteria culture get out be taken victimization a sterile inoculating loop and then the sample will be streaked several times over the surface of the solid growth media. Single cells are obtained along the streak as each streak represents a dilution process. The bacteria will grow into a separate colony and to be u sed for pure culture after being incubated at optimum condition (Carter Wise, 2004).Another alternative to obtain pure culture is the spread plate method where a small volume of suspension is spread evenly over the surface of an agar-agar plate. The bacteria colonies will be evenly distri stilled over the surface of the agar plate after incubation. Larger colonies are the colonies that are well stray.Pure culture can also be done by using the pour plate method. The diluted sample is hang in agar growth at about 50 c. The mixture is then poured into a suitable vessel and incubated. The bacteria colonies will grow throughout the agar plate. The colonies within the agar will be very tiny and difficult to see and count as compared to those which grow on the surface of the agar.ObjectivesThe purpose of conducting this experiment was to understand the principles and aim of obtaining pure cultures, to compare the separation of bacterial colonies using streak plate, pour plate and spr ead plate techniques and to observe and compare the colonial features of isolated bacterial colonies on solid nutrient media as well as the morphological cellular features of isolated bacterial colonies using the gramme soft touch method. In addition, the experiment explained about the principles of gram stain method and allowed the interpretation of each of the steps in gram staining.MethodRefer to lab manual page 32-36.ResultsIn this experiment, mixture of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was used to prepare pure culture using the three methods which are the streak plate, spread plate and pour plate. The plates were incubated and the colony word structure of the plates was observed. The cellular morphology of the bacteria was determined using the gram stain method. The results were recorded and tabulated in a table.Table 1 colony morphology and cellular morphology of different organisms.OrganismColony morphologyCellular morphologyGram stainShapeArran gementBacillus cereusIrregular, opaque and cream in burnish, flatPositive (purple colour)RodChainEscherichia coliCircular, center, smooth, translucent, white (small), elevated (Cham Tan, Group 1).Negative(pink colour)RodClusterStaphylococcus aureusCircular, smooth, some yellow, some white, convex.Positive (purple colour)CocciClusterDiscussion1) Bacillus cereus was obtained from the big bacteria colony. When observed from the agar plate, it appeared to be irregular in set, flat, opaque and cream in colour. It is a gram positive bacteria. So when gram stain was performed, the bacteria appeared purple in colour under the microscope. Bacillus cereus is of rod shape and the arrangement is in the form of chain. It has - capsule and is non motile. For Escherichia coli, it was obtained from the medium colony. When observed from the agar plate, it appeared to be circular in shape and mostly was located at the center of the agar. The bacteria colony appeared to be smooth, translucent, and some were white in colour (Cham Tan, Group 1). Escherichia coli is a gram negative bacteria. Therefore, it was pink in colour under the microscope. It has rod shape and its arrangement is in cluster form. It is motile and is a type of non spore forming bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was from the small bacteria colony. It is circular, smooth, convex and some are yellow in colour while some are white in colour. It is a gram positive bacteria where it showed purple colour when under the microscope. The shape for Staphylococcus aureus is cocci and it is in cluster form. It is a non spore forming bacteria and is non motile. The cells seen in the original mixture matched with those obtained in the pure culture.Streak plate method is suitable for the direct plating of media that contains a large number of cells and as for spread plate method, a small volume of suspension is spread evenly over the surface of an agar plate. On the other hand, bacteria are suspended and grow throughout the agar plate for pour plate method. 2) Spread plate will be more suitable to produce well isolated whiz colonies from a broth culture that contains a mixture of organisms as the bacteria will be on the surface or the agar and not suspended. This way, the isolated colony can be counted and also be obtained easily compared to streak plate and pour plate method. When the bacteria is taken from a intricate broth culture, the colonies will grow and overlapping each other after being incubated. When the bacteria is incubated using pour plate method, the bacteria grown will be smaller and it will be harder to obtain a well isolated colony as they grow throughout the media.Agar has a higher(prenominal) melting temperature than gelatin. Gelatin will melt and becomes soft when bacteria is being incubated on gelatin media at their optimum temperature which is 37 c. 3) Agar is used in preference to gelatin for making solid media as agar will remain solid at the optimum temperature for the growt h of most bacteria. Therefore, the property of agar makes it to be more effective than gelatin as a solidifying agent (Muir Ritchie, 1953).4) Bacteria that are well separated grow as isolated colonies without affecting the growth process as these bacteria cell do not merge or overlap with other bacteria cells in cope for sources. The growth of isolated bacteria will not be limited by the depletion of the nutrients (Cruickshank, 2005)5) Individual colony does not always consist of one type of bacterium as the bacteria could be from a mixed culture of different organisms. Therefore, an individual colony does not always originate from a single parent cell.Before staining process, bacteria culture has to be dried and fixed. Heat fixation is convenient and it retains the cell circumvent structure. 6) Smear facility has to be heat fixed through the Bunsen burner flame to kill the bacteria and make them adhere to the slide. Besides, it will also allow the cells to stain better during t he staining process.A good smear preparation will allow a better microscopic view of the bacteria cellular features. Correct techniques in preparation of smear are important. 7) If the whole colony is used to make the smear, the smear will be too deep-chested. Thick smear will cause the difficulties in distinguishing individual cell. In addition, the stain might not be completely washed out. If the bacteria used is gram negative, the cells will appear purple in colour giving gram positive results which is wrong. If the bacteria is gram positive, the intensity of purple colour will be so high that it will not be easy to differentiate the cellular features of the cell.8) Cell wall determines the shape of a cell. Cells that lose their cell wall will change its shape. However, changing the shape of the cells will not affect the reaction to gram stain. Hence, there will be no association between cell shape and reaction to gram stainThe cell wall structure of gram positive bacteria is di fferent from the cell wall structure of gram negative bacteria. The cell wall of gram positive bacteria has a thick peptidoglycan layer while the peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall of gram negative bacteria is thinner. The thick peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall of gram positive bacteria retain the crystallization violet dye and stain purple even after decolourisation but for gram negative bacteria, it is decolourised by the decolourising agent. Gram negative bacteria retain the second dye and stain pink. 9) The cell wall structure of a bacterial cell is important to determine its gram reaction.10) The third step which is the decolourisation step of the gram staining procedure is important to determine the outcome of the result. The time taken should not be too long or too short as over-decolourising will cause the cell not able to retain the crystal violet dye and appear colourless. If the decolourising time is too short, the gram negative cells will remain purple giving a gr am positive result. coatingIn conclusion, pure culture can be obtained by using several methods which are the streak plate method, spread plate method and pour plate method. Using the pure culture, the separation of bacterial colonies, the colonial features and cellular features can be compared. Aseptic technique should be followed all the time to frustrate introducing new contaminants to the environment.

Analysing Slavery in Mark Twains Writing

Analysing Sla actually in Mark Twains WritingINTRODUCTION jibe to widely held view on slaveholding, it is has been acknowledged that it is a virtually universal feature of human hi news report that has preserved up to nowadays. As absolute conclusion of old origins of bondage postings to the fact that on that point ar written documents survived from ancient time as written in e.g., the Code of Hammurabi and The Old Testament covering that slavery was established in the early civilizations. As to present days, the United Nations (hereafter UN) reports reveal a huge number of women, children and men world exploited and oblige into slavery ranging from at least eight hundred- thousand to three million stack trafficked annually. Therefore, globalization has brought not lonesome(prenominal) positive cultural exchanges, besides in like manner endemic slavery around the world, raising a discussion of tackling and eliminating this woundful switch off.Concerning the term slave ry, it denotes much of negativism and violence e.g., torture, kidnap, murder, inferiority, punishment as well as the wilful destruction of human mind and sapidity (Bales, 20056). Nevertheless, the historians (Bales2005David2004 Kopytoff1977) delimit that slaves through come out of the closet human history have been treated as inferior, uncivilized and bestialized e.g., Mark Twains story The Adventures of huckleberry Finn portrays the Southerners vision of a runa federal agency slave who is perceived as superstitious, uneducated and perhaps violent thing merely a human in their view.This helps to rationalize the hostile or negative relishings, attitudes and actions towards one ethnic group of commonwealth, in this case a blank persons disdain and transcendency overblack person. The spiffingity of white or Caucasian aftermath derives from times of slavery as the historian Kevin Bales (20057) states slavery throw out damage broad deals mind, namely, (1) slaves (2) slavehol ders and (3) members of confederation who live this system. As to Bales (ibid), such smart set accepts dehumanisation of a person that allow prospering slavery around the globe. gum olibanum, we foot observe that slavery has remerged not only in many contrasting times throughout human history, save also is present in our times. This research stem aims at illustrating a link between past and present displayed in Mark Twains literary works. They reveal that slavery in the South underside be perceived as a ghost of the past, which has been equally haunting African Americans and Caucasian race. As a result, the past has widened a gap between those two races in America. William Faulkner has said that only with Twain, Walt Whitman became a true indigenous American culture (quoted in Hutchinson, 199880). Mark Twain who was innate(p) and raised in the Americas South was the pioneer of displaying the spoken language, the very American language in sustains that is characterized as vivid, but with sardonic humour, neat aphorism. It has to be mentioned that Mark Twain is regarded as a complex personality since he managed to contradict himself not only in a real life, but also in his writings.The issue of the bachelor thesis is institution of slavery in Mark Twains works. In early(a) words, the paper investigates aspects and issue of slavery described in Mark Twains writings, including The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884-85) and A True Story, Repeated for Word, as I heard It (1874) which be set in the pre Civil War society of American South-West.The aim of the paper is to gain a comprehensive picture of slavery from Mark Twains works.The objectives of the research paperthe as sign up is to select and to review the most common images of slavery presented in Twains writings by such characters as Aunt Rachel, Jim and Huck Finnto make the use of a study of history i.e. Slavery in America , but take into account Mark Twains personal view on slaveryto analys e the images of slavery victimisation the writers storiesto test the results i.e. to compare those two different images of slavery i.e. literary works and official history of slaveryto draw the relevant conclusions taking into account both his writings and the historic context.Hypothesis Mark Twains literary works imply personal responsibility and awareness on such complex issue as slavery, but problems of slavery cannot be viewed separately from historical context.Methods of researchcase study analysis of such historical works on slavery written by Suzzane Miers, Igor Kopytoff, Christine Hatt,Robert McColley and differentsanalysis of two Mark Twains storiesJuxta sic to contrast and compare those two different images of slavery, namely, historical and literary description of slavery.The author of the paper has chosen the case study as a research method for a number of reasons. First of all, case study research allow us better netherstanding a complex issue or object and this metho d of study is especially useful for testing theory by using it in real world situations. Secondly, a case study is an in depth study of a particular situation. It is a method used to abbreviate down a very broad field of research into one easily researchable topic. Finally, it provides a structural way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and describe the results. As a result, the researcher may get a better understanding of why the event happened as it did, and what is important to look at to a greater extent closely in the future.The first chapter deals with the history of racial discrimination and the concept of racism. The second chapter provides an insight into understanding of slavery and deals with the issue of institution of slavery in the USA. The deuce-ace one and its subchapters deal with issues of slavery, namely, they show how slavery is depicted in Twains literary work Huckleberry Finn and provide a brief insight into history of slavery in America and explores A True story and Aunts Rachel point of view of slavery.1 THE HISTORY OF racialism AND ITS CONCEPTThis chapter deals with the history and the concept of racism. racism is a subject that most slew, at least in westward societies, have their own opinion on and it is as old as civilization, it continues to be an important figure in society forthwith.Alana Lentin (2011) claims that racism is a political phenomenon rather than a mere set of ideas. To analyze racism it is necessary to go beyond the texts of racial scientists and to look at how certain political conditions during particular historical contexts led to some of the ideas proposed by racial theorists being integrated into political practices of nation-states. There are three aspects the political nature of racism, its modernity and its grounding in the history of the West that are fundamental to understanding racisms hold over contemporary westerly societies. It is very important as well to look at the statements, what a race is. match to Ivan Hannaford (1996), the word race as used in Western languages is first instal as late as the compass point 1200 1500. Only in the seventeenth century did it take on a separate convey from the Latin word gens or clan and was related to the concept ethnic group. In other words the dispositions and presuppositions of race and ethnicity were introduced some would utter invented or theoretical accountated in modern times and in any case, were not stipulation the meaning they have today until after the French and American revolutions. The reason why the notion of race became such a forefingerful and attractive idea is due to the deliberate manipulation of texts by scientists and historians to show that a racial order has al ways structured humanity (Hannaford 1996 4). There was a definite division of the periods over which the idea of race developed. Hannaford divides it into three stages 1684 1815, 1815 1870 and 1870 1914. The f inal period is known as the Golden Age of racism, it was a time when it was possible for the British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli to proclaim that race is all and there was no other truth. (ibid, 1996).As Alana Lentin (2011) states the word race was first used in its modern sense in 1684, when a Frenchman published his essay, where race stood for divisions among humankind ground on observable physical differences. At this stage race was used a simple descriptor and there was no intention of superiority meant by presenting humanity in this way (2011).Hannaford (1996) states that Western scholars later started to think about(predicate) that it means to be human that fundamentally changed the way people sight about the origins of human life, the universe and society. It is the bases for the way we think about these things to this day. The most significant changes were in fact that theo dianoetic explanations about life were replaced by logical description. (Hannaford, 1996 187) .Lentin Alan (2011) considers that many people do not ask nowadays why racism is apparently so important, despite the end of colonialism, slavery and the Holocaust, the answer is that it is natural. racial discrimination has entered into every(prenominal)day speech and therefore in our consciousness. The idea of racism is so widespread that we easily mistake it for something that is just there, a fact of life. racism is associated with the business and even hatred that human beings are commonly expected to have for for each one other. Fear based on racism is inherent and there is no need to ask why it exists (2011).As Neil Macmaster reminds us that racism is always a dynamic process, a set of beliefs and practices that is imbedded in a particular historical context, a particular genial formation, and is therefore continuously undergoing change, a plastic chameleon like phenomenon which constantly finds new forms of political, kindly, cultural or linguistic smell (2001 2).Le ntin (2011) refers to race in descriptive terms, it takes account of racionalization. Racionalization is the process through which the supposed inferiority of black, colonized and non-whites is constructed. Todays global racism divides the rich and the poor worlds and is no long-range a simple black and white issue. Racionalization involves endowing the traditions and lifestyles that are attributed to groups of different others with negative signifiers (2011). According to Alan Lentin (2011), the development of a radicalized discourse about a group of people provides justification for their discrimination. It puts into words the very thing about a particular group that is said to disturb us and pose a threat to our way of life. The fact that racionalization and racism are repeated, affecting different groups over time, does not mean that racism is inevitable. Rather, it shows that considerable transformations of our political systems, our social and cultural infrastructure, and our discourse the very way in which language is used needs to change if racism in Western societies is to be overcome (201110).Memmi (2000) investigates racism as social pathology a cultural disease that prevails because it allows one part of society to empower itself at the expense of other. For Memmi, racism emerges from within human situations, rather than simply as the enforcement of an political theory, or the natural belief some people have according their innate superiority. Racism is a charge, like a judicial accusation that is levied against somebody, who is indicated as being in some manner (racially) different. It implies that the other has, in being different, somehow broken certain assumed rules, and is thus not a good person. Thus the person is devalued and disparaged and he suffers from it. The indictment, however, is unfounded and unjust, and the accused is thus the victim of an injustice. As well Memmi (2000) states that in France, reference to le raciste in a te rtiary person nominative mode, as to some unspecified person who behaves in a particular way, upholding certain ideas and attitude, would call up a more or less familiar picture, bur in the United States it would not really be as clear. It is a nation in which white racism is whole generalized and integrated into political and social life. Though it may be invisible in mundane life, it can see by White people through accepting themselves without question as white. Thus racism moves beyond individual prejudice to engage broader questions of collective behaviour and social responsibility.As it can be seen, the topic of racism is very broad. Some people would say that racism is just based on prejudices but some would say that it is something that people are born into, and they are not able to fight against it, nor break out of their social status. People who are in such situations, are born into a situation where they do not have an unfair disadvantage when trying to move out of their social status and thus fall into a category that can make them more susceptible to racial prejudice and ideologies. The next subchapter will have a closer look at types of racism. 1.1 TYPES OF RACISMThe current subchapter aims at giving additional conceptions of the term racism as well as outlining basic types of racism proposed by several authorities(Reilly, Kaufman, Bodino2003)(Fredrickson2002). The given partition suggests that there is obvious correlation between racism and slavery.The website on racism Anti-Defamation League jells racism as the belief that a particular race is superior or inferior to another as well as that a persons social and moral traits are predetermined by his or her inborn biologic characteristics.According to Reilly, Kaufman and Bodino (20039), race has no basic biological reality, because all we see is just a colour or different texture of hair or shape of eyes, but it does not have any decisive influence over a persons intelligence or other traits. As a result, misconceptions about race have lead to forms of racism that have caused much social, psychological and social harm (Reilly et.al.200310). Additionally, Frederickson points out (20021) that racism that is the antipathy of one group towards another that can be expressed and acted upon with a single mindedness and brutality.Nevertheless, the same experts describe racism as prejudice or discrimination against other people because of their race, due to their biology or ancestry and physical appearance. This pattern is clearly visible in Twains work The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn when a slave named Jim runs away from his proprietor, whereas the whole city spreads out the rumours about him having killed Hucks father. Their assumption is based on prejudice that all black people are savages, violent and ca not be trusted. Thus, their attitude towards, slaves can be described as racism, because they judged those people, due to their ancestry and physical appearance.Although the term racism first came into common usage in 1930ies (as stated in the book A Racism a short history) (Fredercikson, 20025), the act of discrimination is still there i.e. while reading Twains literary works we can perceive how nonreversible people were treated in the American South.This attitude or and approach of white superiority overwhelm the Southern society at the time when Huck Finn was embarking in his famous adventures on Mississippi river. A great deal of harm has been done to generations and in this particular case to Jim, Aunt Rachel and Huck Finn. The trouble oneself and burden of slavery of these characters are depicted in chapter three.As to types of racism, the website on American Research and Geography called Amerigis provides detailed information on types of racism. The types are as follows Historical, Scientific, New, Spatial, Institutional, Internalized and Individual.The online resource stated above claims that racism looks different today from it did thirty years ago. The author of the current paper finds important to mention that racism bear in 19th century was blatant and caused so much pain and injustice to black race. Thus, the graduate proposes the idea that discrimination and injustice has derived from the time when slavery was acceptable even more it was the cornerstone of the Souths vision of sound social order. The author of BA thesis asserts that such blatant discrimination has never been go through in human history as it was back in early 19th century it was the root of all sin caused to black race.The classification of racism is based on several resources such as the Internet resource mentioned above, and three publications on racismThe types are as followsCultural racismAccording to Belgrave et al(2010104) cultural racism is expressed as assumed superiority of a language or dialect, values, beliefs, worldviews and cultural heritage e.g., in the novel Huckleberry Finn the slave named Jim is regarded as superstitious per son whose beliefs and values are regarded as infantile even compare to young white lad like Tom Sawyer.Individual RacismThe same scholar (ibid) explains that individual racism has the same meaning and features as of racial prejudice i.e. it assumes the superiority of ones own racial group and justifies its domination and power over other race. For example, when Pap Finn gets all furious about a white shirted free nigger to right to vote, because he holds the view that black race has no right to freedom nor participate in elections. As he states they told me there was a State in this country where theyd let that nigger vote, thus he determines , Ill never vote agin as long as I live.Institutional RacismThe Internet source American research and geographic information system point to white privilege that frequently is hidden, because it has become internalized and integrated as part of ones outlook on the world by custom, habiliments and tradition. For example, concerning antebellum society in the South of America if a white person helps a runaway slave towards freedom, and in doing so he violets the laws of man, and he believes the laws of God (Hutchinson, 1998130). The fact of helping slave that according to the Southerner rules is a deadly sin that sends a sinner into flames of hell. This points out that the church played a great role in peoples lives whereas any person who would disobey the given rule would be perceived as danger to their moral social order in the South. As a result, the southern upbringing does not allow Huck Finn to show his sympathy towards Jim, a runaway slave.Slavery functioned as main social moral and religious issue in the South. The preceding sentences and extracts from Twains writings show that social order had a tremendous impact over members of the Southern society at the given time. Nevertheless, at that time there were no subtle forms or hidden ways of showing ones hate towards other race, unlike today where many people expres s their hate via the Internet. On the contrary, it was impossible to show sympathy towards a slave e.g., the runway slave Jim who has abused the system and has sinned against the owner Miss Watson, arises the question to Huck whether he deserves his freedom.Additionally The psychologists Bhattacharya, Cross, Bhugra (201041) also give the classification racism based on the analysis of human behavior under certain circumstances, namely, being exposed to people of other ethnicities in our global world. The author of the BA thesis will highlight the types which can be found in the following works The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and A True Story, Repeated for Word, as I heard Itdominative when a person acts outaversive when a person feels superior , but is unable to actregressive when a personsdue to his or her view on racism behaves regressivelypre-reflecting when a person has fear of strangerspost reflecting when a person justifies his fear of strangersThe study on racism shows that it involves biased judgments on humans and their action e.g., racist determines what is good, correct, beautiful, sane, normal. Nevertheless, the historians and other experts of this field (Fredercikson, 2002), (Reilly, Kaufman, Bodino 2003), ( hum 1987) agree upon the view that racism and the same slavery is seen as ideology, as practice as social structure. Whereas, Mark Twains writings reflect on slavery as doctrine, practice and social cornerstone of the America South in antebellum society that has brought so much injustice and pain, as well.The next subchapter will explore the ideology of racism.1.2 political orientation OF RACISMThe chapter gives an insight into the ideology of racism as it is an important matter discussed, portrayed in history books and literature. Ideology is a body of beliefs that drives the goals and expectations of an individual or a group. According to Martin N. Marger (2006) As a belief system, or ideology, racism is structured around three basic idea sHumans are divided course into different physical types.Such physical traits as people display are intrinsically related to their culture, personality, and intelligence.The differences among groups are innate, not subject to change, and in the basis of their genetic inheritance, some groups are innately superior to others (Marger 200619).Thus, racism is a belief that people are divided into hereditary groups that are different in their social behaviour. Racist thinking states that differences among groups are innate.Carol Brunson argues that the ideology of racism prescribes the parameters for perceiving social reality thereby defining guidelines for desirable interracial behaviour. Once the members of society are imbued with racist thinking, they will not only perceive their institutions as natural, they will voluntarily carry out institutional mandates as of they are a function of their own individual choice (Carol Brunson, 198717).According to the authors of the books on the ide ology of race it can be seen that it is powerful and it persists in different forms of expression. Robert Miles work Racism is an essential reminder that racism is the object of ideological and discursive labouring. Robert Miles argues Racism is best debated primarily as an ideology for at least one other reason. Racism, qua ideology, was created historically and became interdependent with the ideology of nationalism. The argument that racism is a form of ideology is important and worth repeating (Robert Miles, 200310).When it comes to ideological components assumptions of racism, Carol Brunson holds the following viewpoint Racist institutions not only create the structural conditions for racism, but also create a culturally sanctioned ideology that keeps the system operating. Racist ideology is a set of notions that ascribe central importance to real or presumed biological, cultural, and psychological differences among racial groups, attributing the arrangement of both historic and current social systems to these differences (Carol Brunson, 198715). art object ideological and cultural arguments are two pillars that support racism, one or other may be in the forefront at any given time. Stephen Gould states two assumptions of biologically based racist ideologyHumans are classifiable into discrete, hierarchically ranked biological groups (with whites at the top).Differences among the races reflect the natural and/or ordained order and therefore are eternally fixed (Gould, 198145).Besides this biological argument, there exists also cultural argument, explaining the realities of the lives of people of colour. William Ryan (1976) defined blaming the victim as an ideological stance that locates the origins of social problems. Ryan identified four steps in victim blaming process. Locating social problem and population affected by it, resemblance of values and behaviour of people affected by the social problem, locating the source off the problem in how the affe cted people are different from the successful ones, initiation of treatment that would change the affected people (Ryan, 1976).Victim blaming therefore provides a framework for explaining the problems of people of colour. It is also a framework for strategies to ameliorate the position of people of colour in our society. Many people learn about the ideology of racism and families, schools and media contribute to this teaching. They learn and behave according to the dictates of racist ideology. Carol Brunson argues that very early, children of all backgrounds learn stereotypes about other groups regardless of whether they have contact with actual people (Carol Brunson, 198718). These stereotypes later shape peoples reality and they start judge and interpreting ideas and behaviours by their learnt stereotypes. Each persons own judgement is not harmful but over time the prejudices may become poisonous and damaging.As it can be seen, there appear new arguments of racism and its ideolo gy, justifying institutional, cultural and individual racism. While these new faces and arguments of racism try to cover the problem, racism and racist ideology are alive and existent in America. Racism affects us as individuals and the choices that we make in responding to it. Anti-racism education should require an immediate focus on each individual. The goal of the anti-racism education should be generation of development of individual consciousness, enabling people to become active initiators of the change in perception of racism. All people should be responsible for transformation of racism ideology. However, the situation is difficult because, while groups keep racism alive, the responsibility is not equally positioned. Yet, racism has always at peace(p) hand in hand with slavery, and it is a precedent to slavery.Racism is diabolic. It is not a social problem that will gradually disappear through education and legislation. These alleviate the symptoms, but no more than that. The only cure is in understanding that sliminess is real. In the words of Jeffrey Burton Russell,The essence of evil is abuse of a sentient being, a being that can feel pain. It is the pain that matters. Evil is grasped by the mind immediately and immediately felt by the emotions it is sensed as hurt deliberately inflicted. The existence of evil requires no further proof I am therefore I suffer evil.The definition implies two things One, that every human being suffers evil. Two, every human being inflicts evil. Thus, the essence of the human condition is in how we live with evil.Of necessity, then, evil has two faces one is individual, the other is collective. That we as individuals will and do commit evil is unavoidable. Our efforts not to do evil, however, need the support of a collective, i.e. a society that not only fucks evil but condemns it.In contemporary America,In her Gifford lectures, Hannah Arendt said As citizens, we must prevent wrong-doing because the world in whic h we all live, wrong-doer, wrong-sufferer, and spectator, is at stake the City has been wronged.We could almost define a crime as that transgression of the law that demands punishment regardless of the one who has been wronged.the law of the land permits no option because it is the community as a whole that has been violated.America is struggling to reach a consensus that racism violates the community as a whole. It cannot do so as long as blacks are still excluded from a sense of community.Blacks have no doubts or questions about their humanity and thus are made to suffer evil, an evil that is still not obvious to the white majority. Racism is an act of evil but white people do not hear the moaning of the wounded or the death rattles of the dying.The evil of slavery, the evil of the Holocaust are written large. So much so that many are in danger of thinking that these cataclysms are the only ways in which racist evil expresses itself. That is why it is both ironic and maddening tha t so many blacks equate anti-Semitism only with the Holocaust and thereby purpose that because they would never condone the extermination of Jews they are not and could not be anti-Semitic. Non-blacks are equally culpable when they equate racism solely with acts of violence.Because our perception of evil is limited to the dramatic, we have lost the capacity to recognize it. Evil has become so prosaic in appearance, manner and style that it is now woven into the fabric of the normal like smog, acid rain and K-mart. Hannah Arendt maintained that the horror of evil in the Third Reich was that it had lost the quality by which most people recognize it the quality of temptation. The racist evil of contemporary America is as charismatic as an empty can of cat food. In her Gifford lectures, Hannah Arendt attempted again to describe the figure of Adolf Eichmann and what had so horrified her about himI was struck by a manifest shallowness in the doer that made it impossible to track down t he incontestable evil of his deeds to any deeper level of roots or motives. The deeds were monstrous, but the doerwas quite ordinary, commonplace, and neither demonic nor monstrous. There was no sign in him of firm ideological convictions or of specific evil motives, and the only noble characteristic one could detect in his past behavior as well as his behavior during the trialwas something entirely negative it was not stupidity but thoughtlessness.It was this absence of thinking which is so ordinary an experience in our everyday life, where we have hardly the time, let alone the inclination to stop and think that awakened my interest. Is evildoing (the sins of omission, as well as the sins of commission) possible in disregard of not just base motivesbut of any motives whatever, of any particular prompting of interest or volition? Is wickedness, however we may define itnot a necessary condition for evil- doing?What Arendt saw in Eichmann is true of American society. This is not a country of wicked white people imbued with a virulent racism based on some principle or other. What exists is far more distressing. Racism has become a psychological habit, a habit many wish to dislodge, but it is so ingrained that they do not know where to begin. It is imperative, however, that they look, for as Goethe wrote in Wilhem Meister, every sin avenges itself on earth.Where they must look is in themselves. Whites cannot feel the pain of blacks, Jews and women until they feel the pain they inflict on themselves by passively accepting a definition of Order that crowns whites as racially superior beings. I do not know why whites do not feel the evil they inflict on themselves because I see the evil of racism taking its revenge on a drug-addicted white society which did not care forty years ago when drugs appeared in black slums. If America had been able to feel then that black life is human, if America had been able to feel that racism is a silent evil inflicting pain as mu rderous to the human spirit as any weapon is to the body, it would have been alarmed and moved to alleviate the conditions that made drugs appear to be a viable alternative. If America had been able to conceive that black life is human life, thousands of white and black lives would not have been destroyed, literally and psychologically, since drugs entered white American society. I do not understand why white America cannot understand this simple principle Everything white people do to black people, they will eventually do to each other.The ultimate evil of racism is not in its effects, but in the inability of white people to recognize themselves in black people. This evil will continue until white people take responsibility for that which they wish was not within them, namely, evil.Ultimately, we must accept that evil is, that it is not something out there but something in here. It cannot be expunged because our humanity lies as much in our capacity to evil as

Isadora Duncan :: essays research papers

The fine art of modern dance is like umpteen other fields in that it is based on the actions and deeds of those who were pioneers in the field. These pioneers helped to mold modern dance into what it is today. Of the gentlemans gentlemany people who are partially responsible for this skill is Isadora Duncan. Duncan, often referred to as the mother of modern dance, inspired many other dancers to the extent that the art of dance would not be the same today with come out of the closet her many contributions.Isadora Duncan who was born in the late 1870s in San Francisco, was raised alongside three siblings by her mother alone. This may possibly be what led her to suffer in her own time what we today would considered to be a feminist. She fought against the many restrictions placed on women in her personal livelihood as well as in her form of dance. Because she was such a feminist, Isadora Duncan was strongly opposed to marriage. For this reason both of her children were born out o f wedlock, each with a different father. Duncan unfortunately lived a life filled with tragedy. Both of her children died alongside their nanny when a car that thy three were seated in, rolled into a river. Grief-stricken by the death of her children, Isadoras dancing career was temporarily put on hold until she finally opened up a dance school. She later met a Russian man whom she fell in love with and married in order to be able to bring him to the United States. When she arrived in the United States with her new husband, she was unwelcome because of the hero-worship that the Americans had for the Soviet Union at the time. Angrily, she left the United States vowing to never return again. Subsequently, her husband, who was not well mentally, loft her and eventually he committed suicide. Isadora Duncans life came to an end in a fittingly tragic manner when her scarf became entangled in the wheels of a car in which she was riding pulling her out the window of the car and strangling her as she was dragged down the street to her death.

Brazilian Sweet Fifteenth Birthday Party Essay -- Personal Narrative D

Quinceanera, which is Spanish for Sweet 15, is a very popular celebration in the Spanish community. This is a very special day to both(prenominal) the mother and the daughter. This day signifies the transformation from a little girl to a young lady. It is a way of introducing a new woman to society. Turning 15 is the most important natal day for Spanish communities. Quinceaneras tend to be a big and elegant celebration in which every family member and takeoff rockets collaborate to admit the birthday girl the best party she has ever had. To my understanding every Sweet 15 was celebrated the same in every Spanish country. provided after attending my friends Brazilian Sweet 15 my opinion has changed for the better. My friend Stephane Rene and I were invited to a Sweet 15 a copulate weeks ago. The birthday girl was related to one of our friend, Kim. At first, I did not even think of using this event to write my paper because I thought that I knew what a Sweet 15 was all ab pop. I was primarily going to focus on the Brazilian culture because even though my friend is Brazilian I had never had the opportunity to share an event with Brazilians being the dominant group. But soon after the ceremony got started I found myself affect and amused of what was in front of me. First, there is ceremony before the reception which is held at a church building. The family is catholic therefore the ceremony was held at the catholic church of the town. After everybody was sitting down, Jennily walked down the aisle toward the front of the church. Here, the priest was waiting to give her the appropriated blessings. She was wearing a long gorgeous pink silky trim back which represented her new status as a young woman. Jennily was also wearing soft pink slippers which she would change later into a more exposit one. I was familiar with the ceremony at the church before the party because it is a way of blessing her and to appreciate her day of celebration which simultaneously re presents her rebirth as a woman. But I did not hesitate to ask one of the family members, what did it signify to them to be blessed by the priest the day of her birthday? To my surprise, thru their blessings they also pray for her future and her new start. Once the priest was done, her aunt and uncle stood up and recall her first fifteen years of life in a very sentimental and biographical speech. Throughout the speech they kept referr... ...ized by they own people than an outsider because it would make no difference for me to see individual of their group acting a particular way. In actuality, it would be hard for me to notice that there is something a little odd. Regardless of the difference of culture, language and customs, I learned so much about the Brazilian culture in the United States. For example, they have huge families homogeneous Dominicans and they stay together as a community one hundred percent. In addition, I myself might incorporate some of their traditions onto mine, maybe not for myself but for my cousins and even for my future daughter. I like they way in which everything was very detailed and organized. Also, I liked how everything had a meaning and a reason for being there. This party has motivated me to go out there and explore all the different cultures that exist in the society that I live in. This event has also taught me a lesson about life, in lay out for us to find ourselves we need to identify with our ancestors and continue our traditions. There is nothing more pretty than being able to bring our beliefs and customs with us. This is what identifies who we are, and who are children would be.